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<h1>Things that must be done (or not)</h1>

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<center><span class="summary">Outline</span></center>
<ol>
<li><a href="#part1">When there's something that must or must not be done</a></li>
<li><a href="#part2">Using 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>」, 「<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>」, and 「ならない」 for things that must not be done</a></li>
<li><a href="#part3">Expressing things that must be done</a></li>
<li><a href="#part4">Various short-cuts for the lazy</a></li>
<li><a href="#part5">Saying something is ok to do or not do</a></li>
</ol>
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<h2 id="part1">When there's something that must or must not be done</h2>
In life, there are things that we must or must not do whether it's taking out the trash or doing our homework.  We will cover
how to say this in Japanese because it is a useful expression and it also ties in well with the previous section.  We will also learn how to the
say the expression, "You don't have to..." to finish off this section.

<h2 id="part2">Using 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>」, 「<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>」, and 「ならない」 for things that must not be done</h2>
If you don't know what 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>」（<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">駄目</span>） means, I suggest looking it up in <a href="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/wwwjdic.html">WWWJDIC</a>
and clicking on the [Ex] link to see the example sentences.  It essentially means "no good" but carefully check out the example sentences because it can be used in many different ways.
The other two key words in this section are  「<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>」 and 「ならない」 and they have essentially the same basic meaning as 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>」.
However, while 「<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>」 can be used by itself, 「ならない」 must only be used in the grammar presented here.  In addition, while
「<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>」 and 「ならない」 conjugate like i-adjectives they are not actual adjectives.
Let's learn how to use these words to express things that must not be done.

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">How to say: Must not [verb]</span>
<ul>
<li>Take the <a href="compound.html#part3">te-form</a> of the verb, add the 「は」 (wa) particle  and finally attach either 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>」、「<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>」、or 「ならない」.
<br />例） <span title="はいる - to enter" class="popup">入る</span> → <span title="はいる - to enter" class="popup">入って</span> + は + <span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>／<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>／ならない = <span title="はいる - to enter" class="popup">入って</span>は<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>／<span title="はいる - to enter" class="popup">入って</span>は<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>／<span title="はいる - to enter" class="popup">入って</span>はならない</li>
</ul>
</div>

<p>（１）　<span title="ここ - here" class="popup">ここ</span>に<em><span title="はいる - to enter" class="popup">入って</span>は</em><span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけません</span>。
<br />- You must not enter here.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="それ - that" class="popup">それ</span>を<em><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べて</span>は</em><span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>！
<br />- You can't (must not) eat that!
</p>

<p>
（３）　<span title="よる - evening" class="popup">夜</span>、<span title="おそい - late" class="popup">遅く</span><span title="まで - until" class="popup">まで</span><span title="でんわ - telephone" class="popup">電話</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">して</span>は</em>ならない。
<br />- You must not use the phone until late at night.
</p>

<p>
（４）　<span title="はやい - fast, early" class="popup">早く</span><em><span title="ねる - sleep" class="popup">寝て</span>は</em>なりませんでした。
<br />- Wasn't allowed to sleep early.
</p>

<p>The difference between 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>」、「<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>」、and 「ならない」 is that, first of all, 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>」 is casual.  While 「<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>」 and 「ならない」 are basically
identical, 「ならない」 is generally more for things that apply to more than one person like rules and policies.
</p>

<h2 id="part3">Expressing things that must be done</h2>
You may have predicted that the opposite of "You must not do" would use 「<span title="いける - is possible, will work out" class="popup">いける</span>」 or 「<span title="なる - to become" class="popup">なる</span>」 because they look like the positive version of
「<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>」 and 「ならない」.  But I already pointed out that
「<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>」 and 「ならない」 must always be negative, so this is not correct.  In actuality, we still use the same 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>／<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>／ならない」 but instead
we take the opposite of the verb that goes in front of it.  This double negative can be kind of confusing at first but you will get used to it with
practice.  There are three ways to conjugate the verb before
adding 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>／<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>／ならない」 and two of them involve conditionals so aren't you glad that you just learned conditionals in the previous section?

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">How to say: Must [verb]</span>
<ol>
<li><a href="compound.html#part3">Negative te-form</a> + 「は」 (wa) particle + <span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>／<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>／ならない</li>
<li><a href="negverb.html#part2">Negative verb</a> + 「と」 conditional + <span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>／<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>／ならない</li>
<li><a href="negverb.html#part2">Negative verb</a> + 「ば」 conditional + <span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>／<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>／ならない</li>
</ol>
</div>

<p>
●The first method is the same as the "must not do" grammar form except that we simply negated the verb.
</p>
<p>
（１）　<span title="まいにち - every day" class="popup">毎日</span><span title="がっこう - school" class="popup">学校</span>に<em><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かなくて</span>は</em>なりません。- Must go to school everyday.
</p>

<p>
（２）　<span title="しゅくだい - homework" class="popup">宿題</span>を<em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しなくて</span>は</em><span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけなかった</span>。- Had to do homework.
</p>

<p>
●The second method uses the natural conditional that we learned in the last lesson.  Literally, it means if you don't do something, then it automatically
leads to the fact that it is no good.  (In other words, you must do it.) However, people tend to use it for situations beyond the natural consequence
characterization that we learned from the last section because it's shorter and easier to use than the other two types of grammar.
</p>
<p>
（１）　<span title="まいにち - every day" class="popup">毎日</span><span title="がっこう - school" class="popup">学校</span>に<em><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かない</span>と</em><span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>です。- Must go to school everyday.
</p>
<p>
（２）　<span title="しゅくだい - homework" class="popup">宿題</span>を<em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しない</span>と</em><span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>。- Have to do homework.
</p>

<p>
●The third method is similar to the second except that it uses a different type of conditional as explained in the last lesson.  With the 「ば」 conditional, it can be
used for a wider range of situations.  Note that since the verb is always negative,
for the 「ば」 conditional, we will always be removing the last 「い」 and adding 「ければ」.
</p>
<p>
（１）　<span title="まいにち - every day" class="popup">毎日</span><span title="がっこう - school" class="popup">学校</span>に<em><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かなければ</span></em><span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけません</span>。 - Must go to school everyday.
</p>
<p>
（２）　<span title="しゅくだい - homework" class="popup">宿題</span>を<em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しなければ</span></em><span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>だった。- Had to do homework.
</p>

<p>It may seem like I just breezed through a whole lot of material because there are three grammar forms and
「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>／<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>／ならない」 adding up to nine possible combinations (3x3).  However, some combinations are more common than others but I
did not explicitly point out which were more common because any combination is technically correct and going over style would merely confuse
at this point.
Also, keep in mind that there is nothing essentially new in terms of conjugation rules.  We already covered conditionals in the last lesson and
adding the wa particle to the te-form in the beginning of this section.
</p>

<h3>※ Reality Check</h3>
Although we spent the last section explaining 「～なければ」 and 「～なくては」, the reality is that because they are so long,
they are practically never used in real conversations. While they are often used in a written conetext, in actual speech, people usually use the 「と」 conditional
or the various shortcuts described below. In casual speech, the 「と」 conditional is the most prevalent type of conditional. Though I explained in depth the meaning associated with the
「と」 conditional, you have to take it with a grain of salt here because people are inherently lazy.


<h2 id="part4">Various short-cuts for the lazy</h2>
You may have been grumbling and complaining about how long most of the expressions are just to say you must do something.
You can end up with up to eight additional syllables just to say "I have to..."!
<p>
Well, others have thought the same before and people usually use short abbreviated versions of 「なくては」 and 「なければ」 in casual speech.
Teachers are often reluctant to teach these overly familiar expressions
because they are so much easier to use which is bad for times when they might not be appropriate.  But, on the other hand, if you don't learn
casual expressions, it makes it difficult to understand your friends
(or would-be friends if you only knew how to speak less stiffly!).  So here they are but
take care to properly practice the longer forms so that you will be able to use them for the appropriate occasions.
</p>

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Casual abbreviations for things that must be done</span>
<ol>
<li>Simply replace 「なくて」 with 「なくちゃ」</li>
<li>Simply replace 「なければ」 with 「なきゃ」</li>
</ol>
</div>

<p>Right now, you may be saying, "What the?" because the "abbreviations" are about the same length as what we've already covered.  The
secret here is that, unlike the expressions we learned so far, you can just leave the 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>／<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>／ならない」 part out altogether!
</p>

<p>（１）　<span title="べんきょう - study" class="popup">勉強</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">し<em>なくちゃ</em></span>。 - Gotta study.
<br />（２）　<span title="ごはん - meal" class="popup">ご飯</span>を<span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em>なきゃ</em></span>。 - Gotta eat.
</p>

<p>The 「と」 conditional is also used by itself to imply 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>／<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>／ならない」.
<br />（１）　<span title="がっこう - school" class="popup">学校</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行かない</span><em>と</em>。－Gotta go to school.
</p>

<p>
There is another 「ちゃ」 abbreviation for things that you must <u>not do</u>. However, in this case, you cannot leave out the 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>／<span title="いけない - must not do, not good" class="popup">いけない</span>／ならない」 part out.
Since this <i>is</i> a casual abbreviation, 「<span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>」 is used in most cases.
</p>

<p>
One very important difference for this casual form is that verbs that end in 「む」、「ぶ」、「ぬ」 use 「じゃ」 instead of 「ちゃ」. Essentially, all the verbs that end in
「んだ」 for past tense fall in this category as you can see by <a href="pastverb.html#part3">this chart</a>.
</p>

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Casual abbreviations for things that must <u>not</u> be done</span>
<ol>
<li>Replace 「ては」 with 「ちゃ」</li>
<li>Replace 「では」 with 「じゃ」</li>
</ol>
</div>

<p>
（１）　<span title="ここ - here" class="popup">ここ</span>に<em><span title="はいる - to enter" class="popup">入っちゃ</span></em><span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>だよ。 - You can't enter here.
<br />
（２）　<em><span title="しぬ - to die" class="popup">死んじゃ</span></em><span title="だめ - no good" class="popup">だめ</span>だよ！ - You can't die!
</p>

<p>On a final note, in general, 「ちゃ」 sounds a bit cutesy or girly.  You've already seen an example of this with the 「ちゃん」 suffix.
Similarly, 「なくちゃ」 also sounds a bit cutesy or childish.
</p>

<h2 id="part5">Saying something is ok to do or not do</h2>
Now let's learn how to say either that it's ok to do or not do something.  I decided to shove this section in here because in Japanese, this
is essential how to say that you don't have to something (by saying it's ok to not do it).  The grammar itself is also relatively
easy to pick up and makes for a short section.
<p>By simply using the te-form and the 「も」 particle, you are essentially saying, "even if you do X..."  Common words that come after this include
「<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>」, 「<span title="だいじょうぶ - ok" class="popup">大丈夫</span>」, or 「<span title="かまう - to mind, to be concerned about" class="popup">構わない</span>」.  Some examples will come in handy.
</p>

<p>（１）　<span title="ぜんぶ - all" class="popup">全部</span><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べ<em>ても</em></span><span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>よ。- You can go ahead and eat it all.  (lit: Even if you eat it all, it's good, you know.)
<br />（２）　<span title="ぜんぶ - all" class="popup">全部</span><span title="たべる - to eat" class="popup">食べなく<em>ても</em></span><span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>よ。- You don't have to eat it all. (lit: Even if you don't eat it all, it's good, you know.)
<br />（３）　<span title="ぜんぶ - all" class="popup">全部</span><span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲ん<em>でも</em></span><span title="だいじょうぶ - ok" class="popup">大丈夫</span>だよ。- It's OK if you drink it all. (lit: Even if you drink it all, it's OK, you know.)
<br />（４）　<span title="ぜんぶ - all" class="popup">全部</span><span title="のむ - to drink" class="popup">飲ん<em>でも</em></span><span title="かまう - to mind, to be concerned about" class="popup">構わない</span>よ。- I don't mind if you drink it all. (lit: Even if you drink it all, I don't mind, you know.)
</p>

<p>In casual speech, 「～ても<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>」 sometimes get shortened to just 「～て<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>」.
<br />（１）　<span title="もう - already" class="popup">もう</span><span title="かえる - to go home" class="popup">帰っ<em>て</em></span><em><span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span></em>？- Can I go home already?
<br />（２）　<span title="これ - this" class="popup">これ</span>、<span title="ちょっと - just a little" class="popup">ちょっと</span><span title="みる - to see" class="popup">見<em>て</em></span><em><span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span></em>？- Can I take a quick look at this?
</p>

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<div class="small" style="text-align:right;"><pre>This page has last been revised on 2006/9/15</pre></div>

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